In a Bind

By Alli Sinclair

Billions of dollars, perhaps trillions, are spent every year on hair products and styling. It’s a lucrative industry and is a classic example of us humans obsessing over our noggins. This fascination isn’t new. In fact, the ancient world took this one step further—by altering their skulls.

Head binding, also known as artificial cranial deformation, dates back to 45,000 BC. The ancient Egyptians, Syrians, Maltese, Russians, Germans, and Australian Aborigines have all undertaken various forms of skull “enhancement” by binding their skull or placing cradleboards around a baby’s head to change the shape of their head.

Zip over to the Americas, and you’ll find the Mayans, Incas, and the tribes of the Chinookan and Choctaw people in North America also undertook the custom of deforming skulls as part of their culture. The Choctaw, Chehalis, and Nooksack Indians practised head flattening and on the coastal of Peru, not far from Lima, the Paracas culture had an array of altered head shapes.

Scientists have discovered at least five different shapes of elongated skulls in different cemeteries in the Paracas region. The most remarkable being a site called Chongos, not far from the quaint town of Pisco where the famous cone-shaped skulls were discovered.

Archaeologists specialising in the Mayans have discovered how altered skulls vary, depending on their geography. Skulls found in the lowlands had a slanted appearance, while skulls discovered in the highlands had an erect shape. They’ve even unearthed skulls that have a division down the middle and two distinct holes. The Mayans believed that every object has an essence, including the elements. While the mother was giving birth, the Mayans ensured the house was closed so the evil wind couldn’t harm the baby and as the baby’s soul was no yet tethered to the baby, the infants were even more vulnerable. Binding the baby’s head was akin to creating a roof over one’s head, and therefore a form of protection for the young child that would stay with it forever.

Some archaeologists believe the act of altering one’s skull was to create a “desirable” shape to make the person more aesthetically pleasing and on Tomman Island in Vanuatu, where it is still practised today, elongating the skull signifies intelligence and being closer to spirits. Whether it was for social status, such as an Incan nobleman, or for an affiliation with a tribe, the act of altering one’s skull causes great controversy in the archaeological world and certainly makes for some interesting discussions. Whatever the reasons, humans have always taken great care to alter their bodies, including their hair and head. So next time you go to the hairdresser, be careful what you ask for!

The Immortal Life of Egyptian Hieroglyphs

Of all the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, none is more well known than the symbol of life, or the “ankh.” It looks like a cross, only with a loop above the transverse line, and in fact is known in Christianity as crux ansata, or the handled or “eyed” cross. Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by the loop or, arms crossed over their chests, one in each hand. But its history and the origin of its meaning are as mysterious as the ancient Egyptians themselves.
 

Egyptologists aren’t really sure of the ankh’s origin but they have several theories, none of which they have been able to verify. One theory is that the ankh’s meaning is a biological interpretation of ancient cattle culture and may represent a bull’s thoraxic vertebrate. Another says that it’s the belt buckle or even the sandal strap of the goddess Isis. Yet another theory says that it represents the Nile, and that the loop on top represents the all-important Nile delta.

The ankh represents all facets of life, including  conception, the afterlife, and the soul. It is often seen with the djed and was hieroglyphs, representing strength and health respectively. They’re also used to give us glimpses into other worlds. Sometimes the gods are shown holding an ankh to the lips of mortals, which means the gods are blessing them with immortality, or the breath of life.

When I was in high school, anything New Age-y was pretty hot, including “ankh” pendants, which were all the rage. The most common were made of sterling silver, but turns out, that was not in keeping with tradition. The ancient Egyptians never made ankhs out of silver. As a symbol associated with the sun, ankhs were usually fashioned out of gold or even copper. At one point, ancient Cyprus and parts of Asia Minor produced coins with the ankh displayed on them. Even today, the ankh is associated in Cyprus with the goddess Venus (or Aphrodite), whom the Cypriots worshipped, and with copper. 

Hieroglyphs themselves are an amazing invention. They date back to at least 4,000 B.C. (at least that’s our oldest-known record of them), and they combine what we know as the alphabet with pictoral symbols, taking Egypt from a preliterate artistic tradition into hieroglyphic writing. Scholars debate whether the idea of expressing words in writing came to Egypt from Sumerian Mesopotamia or whether the ancient Egyptians developed writing independently. By the 4^th century AD though, most Egyptians couldn’t read hieroglyphs anymore, especially after the Roman Emperor Theodosius I closed all non-Christian temples in his empire. 

The Rosetta Stone is displayed at the British Museum
(photo by historylink101.com
and found at Egyptian Photo Gallery)

Early attempts at translating the ancient picture-script were mostly wrong. The breakthrough though occurred in 1799, when Napoleon invaded Egypt and discovered the Rosetta Stone, and in the early 19^th century, Egyptology was born when its early scholars were able to decode part of the stone and realized it was an incredible and complex combination of phonetic, figurative, and symbolic code rolled into one. You can read them phonetically—from left to right, right to left, or from top to bottom—to get one meaning, independent of the pictures themselves. Read this way, there are about 24 letters, without the kind of vowels we have in English, blank spaces between words, or even punctuation. The reader has to figure out which direction to read the letters. For example, if animals or humans appear in the hieroglyphs, and if they face towards the left, then you should read the script left to right. If you don’t want to read it phonetically, you can also read it according to the pictoral images, considered as nouns. In that way, there are at least 5,000 symbols, which have both direct meanings or indirect ones. So for example, a roll of papyrus could represent books or it could represent ideas, depending on the context. 

An ancient relief records how ancient Egyptian workmen moved
a massive statue from one place to another.

Egyptians hieroglyphs have fascinated us for so long, it’s no wonder they have made their way into so many films and novels. Just as with the ancient pharaohs who used them on their cartouches (those stone tablets enclosing a sovereign’s name or emblem) and pyramids to appease the gods. Used mostly by priests, hieroglyphs were even considered the “words of god.” So too, we continue to associate these ancient symbols with magical, mystical elements, much like the ankh, which infuses them with eternal life.