The head of an asura outside a
monastery entrance in Angkor, Cambodia. (Photo by yarowind) |
But if you go back, way back, to the earliest Indo-Iranian texts,
there was a time when the asuras were on par with the devas. The devas
supposedly ruled the natural world, the asuras the moral and social one.
Somewhere along the way, as the texts evolved and new ones sprung up, the asuras became the villains. According to Hindu myths, they were wicked
and materialistic. In Buddhism, asuras were said to lack self control and let
their passions (wrath, pride, aggression) get the best of them.
These aren’t easy myths to reconcile, for the asuras are
still considered deities in the Hindu pantheon, highly revering certain ones, including Agni (god of fire) and
Rudra (god of wind). While King Indra ruled the devas, Varuna, the god of
water, presided over the asuras, and the two were powerful rivals. (Think of Indra as the Hindu counterpart to Zeus in Greek mythology.) Both
Indra and Varuna were thought to rule the sky and earth, but they represented opposing interests.
Researchers over the past few hundred years, and
as recently as a decade ago, have made some startling discoveries about these legends. The ancient epic Hindu poem, Rig Veda, refers to Indra carrying his people across many rivers
and lands to reach what is now Punjab in Pakistan and India, eastern
Afghanistan, and the Upper Indus Valley. In recent years, archaeologists discovered that the forefathers of
Indo-Aryans hail from a place in Central Asia, specifically in Turkmenistan. Russian
and Turkmen archaeologists have dug up impressive artifacts from a civilization
the original Aryans, including the devas and asuras, hailed from. Among the important finds:
horse-drawn chariots with spoked wheels, fire altars, sunken bowls with traces
of an ancient drink known as soma that’s mentioned
in the Vedas, as well as remnants of horse sacrifices.
Archaeologists believe the Indo-Iranians first arrived at this spot in Turkmenistan around 4,000 years ago, drawn there because of the existence of an oasis. They left some time later, as major climactic shifts began to take place and the fertile
delta they relied on dried up. Presumably that's what the Vedas refer to, about some among them
moving east (towards modern-day Pakistan and India) and others moving west
(Afghanistan and Iran). Many different communities evolved out of these
migrations, each one putting down roots in the rich, fertile valleys and lands
between Central and South Asia.
It’s impossible to say which of the civilizations from the
various groups that migrated away are still buried and waiting
for us to discover. But we do know these original Indo-Iranians (Aryans), wherever
they went, took the concepts of the fire god and the stories of the asuras and
devas with them.
Only thing is, the legend of the devas and the asuras
evolved much differently among the Persians than the Hindus.
In the Gathas, the earliest Zoroastrian hymns, ahuras were followers of asha (truth) and daevas of druj (falsehood). Ahura being the Persian form of the Sanskrit word asura, Varuna became Ahura Mazda. Curiously, while Ahura means "truth," Mazda means “other.” Both cultures still consider fire and water as the main ritual agents of purity.
In the Gathas, the earliest Zoroastrian hymns, ahuras were followers of asha (truth) and daevas of druj (falsehood). Ahura being the Persian form of the Sanskrit word asura, Varuna became Ahura Mazda. Curiously, while Ahura means "truth," Mazda means “other.” Both cultures still consider fire and water as the main ritual agents of purity.
According to the Persian texts, the two factions had vast differences of outlook and perspective right from the get-go, the
chasm between them perhaps widening to such an extent that the two groups eventually
went their separate ways. There’s no mention of any specific wars or
battles as in the Vedic version, but eventually, the daevas came to be understood as
malign creatures (not even deities).
The Indian and Persian legends share many similar
concepts though--manu as man, Saraswati or Harahvati as both a river and a goddess, soma or haoma as a sacred
plant, yajna or yasna as worship and sacrifice, and so on. Both scriptures, the
Hindu Vedas and the Zoroastrian Avesta, retell a few of the same myths and
legends, though from differing points of view. In the Vedic version, Varuna and Indra agree to cooperate at the dawn of each new year to
reestablish order. In the Persian legend, daevas were originally not considered hostile (they are in later versions) but rather only following a false path and possibly the wrong gods.
There are many more such fascinating intersections.
According to author Michael Wood in
his landmark documentary, The Story of India, and book by the same name: “The big
picture…is that the ancestors of Aryans were part of a huge language group who
spread out from the area between the Caspian and Aral seas 4,000 years ago, and
whose language lies at the root of modern European languages, including
English, Welsh, Gaelic, Latin and Greek, but also Persian and the main modern
north Indian language.” (Check out Michael Wood’s work for many more such amazing
discoveries.)
Wood makes a point about these remarkable legends that the following photo also illustrates.
For generations, we may have considered these legends as merely old stories but as time goes on, we find that they are grounded in quite a bit of historical fact. And how powerful these two entirely separate belief systems are that they continue to thrive today, both rooted from ancient traditions that have influenced so many others. Doesn't it boggle the mind to see how interconnected we all are?
I love stuff like this - fascinating how "myth" & reality combine in ancient history. Great read - thank you, Supriya.
ReplyDeleteThanks, Phil! There were so many interesting intersections, I had a little trouble putting the brakes on this one. Glad you enjoyed it.
ReplyDeleteThis is such an amazing post, Supriya. One that I will come back to over and over. I am always fascinated by how much culture India and Iran have shared over the centuries. Even the legends.
ReplyDeleteWell, this is right up my favorite alley – how culture travels… And I’m quite familiar with the daev character. In Tatar folklore (or Turkmen, Uzbek ot Tajik folklore), Daev is usually a pretty bad guy with some kind of superpowers – he either flies or can be invisible, or even has multiple heads, and quite often eats people. Daev(s) often terrorize villages – until one day a local hero challenges them and ultimately kills them, usually winning the battle because he outwits the creature.
ReplyDeleteLoved that post! I wish I had my old Tatar Tales books.
Lina, it's taken me ages to respond to this but wow, how fascinating that these concepts made it into Tatar and other central Asian myths, and which such interesting variations and overlaps. I thought flying, invisible super beings and ones with multiple heads were only in Hindu folklore. But of course, it stands to reason that the myths of the devas and asuras traveled along with the people. I'd love to get my hands on some translated Tatar retellings.
ReplyDeleteIt is neither Chinese nor Japanese mythology but ancient Hindu mythology where Asuras and Devas churn the ocean of milk for Amritha(nectar) - using the Naga(Serpents')Emporer Vasuki as the rope and Mountain-Mandhara as the churn-shaker. Lord Vishnu provided the base for the shaker in as a Big-Turtle. Anantha, Vasuki, Sesha, Padmanabha, Kambala, Shankhapala, Dhartha-Rashtra, Takshaka, Kaashiya or Kaaleeya are the famous Eight Snake Deities in the Hindu mythology. About the churning story - let me continue - Haalaahalam(Great burning Venom) was spewed by Vasuki because of the pain He got while churning. So the entire group got frightened - Lord Shiva came to the rescue by consuming the poison. Lord Shiva had to keep it in his throat because His stomach has the entire Universe inside. Then came many things out of the churning before the nectar - Goddess Lakshmi, Moon-god, the Ashwani-twins(Divine Doctor Twins), Apsaras(Divine danceases), Airavatham (the White Elephant), Kamadhenu(the Divine Cow with the capacity of producing any wealth from her udder), Kalpa-Vriksha(the Divine-Tree which can fulfil any desires) and Uchchaishravam(Great Horse with wings and ears positioned upstraight always) - and then finally Lord Dhanwanthari arose with the pot full of nectar. Lord Dhanwanthari is in charge of Ayurvedam - the science of ancient Hindu medicine system. There starts a big fight between demons and angels for the nectar - Lord Maha Vishnu takes the shape of a beautiful maid - Mohini - to protect the pot of nectar.
ReplyDeleteIt is neither Chinese nor Japanese mythology but ancient Hindu mythology where Asuras and Devas churn the ocean of milk for Amritha(nectar) - using the Naga(Serpents')Emporer Vasuki as the rope and Mountain-Mandhara as the churn-shaker. Lord Vishnu provided the base for the shaker in as a Big-Turtle. Anantha, Vasuki, Sesha, Padmanabha, Kambala, Shankhapala, Dhartha-Rashtra, Takshaka, Kaashiya or Kaaleeya are the famous Nine Snake Deities in the Hindu mythology. About the churning story - let me continue - Haalaahalam(Great burning Venom) was spewed by Vasuki because of the pain He got while churning. So the entire group got frightened - Lord Shiva came to the rescue by consuming the poison. Lord Shiva had to keep it in his throat because His stomach has the entire Universe inside. Then came many things out of the churning before the nectar - Goddess Lakshmi, Moon-god, the Ashwani-twins(Divine Doctor Twins), Apsaras(Divine danceases), Airavatham (the White Elephant), Kamadhenu(the Divine Cow with the capacity of producing any wealth from her udder), Kalpa-Vriksha(the Divine-Tree which can fulfil any desires) and Uchchaishravam(Great Horse with wings and ears positioned upstraight always) - and then finally Lord Dhanwanthari arose with the pot full of nectar. Lord Dhanwanthari is in charge of Ayurvedam - the science of ancient Hindu medicine system. There starts a big fight between demons and angels for the nectar - Lord Maha Vishnu takes the shape of a beautiful maid - Mohini - to protect the pot of nectar.
ReplyDeletePandu, thanks for providing all these rich details on this magnicifent story. You've inspired me to go back and read the original again, which I probably read when I was a kid but have forgotten much of. And you're right that the churning of the ocean for nectar originally came from Hinduism. However, through Buddhism, the story traveled to China and Japan and entered their mythology and folklore as well. Thanks to you, I will clarify my photo caption. :)
ReplyDeleteThanks for stopping by and being part of the discussion. I love these stories and cultural intersections and am thrilled to get to discuss them.